Good night, darling (おやすみ from 休む (yasumu, to rest). あなた literally 'you' but used by wives toward husbands like 'dear'.)
お名前は何ですか
What's your name? (Literally 'as for honored-name, what is?' — お is the honorific prefix.)
アレックスです。あなたは？
I'm Alex. And you? (です = 'am/is/are'. No 'I' needed — context carries it.)
すみません、分かりませんでした
Sorry, I didn't understand (分かる (wakaru) = to understand. ませんでした = past polite negative.)
すみません
Excuse me / Sorry (Multi-purpose: 'excuse me', 'sorry', and even 'thank you' for small favors.)
ごめんなさい
Pardon me (apology) (More personal apology than すみません. ごめん alone is casual.)
お願いします
Please (when requesting) (Literally 'I make a wish/request'. 願う (negau) = to wish.)
手伝ってくれてありがとう
Thank you for your help (手伝う (tetsudau, to help) + くれる (do for me) + ありがとう. 手 = hand.)
ありがとうございます
Thank you very much (ありがとう alone is casual; add ございます for polite.)
どういたしまして
You're welcome / Not at all (Literally 'what have I done?' — Japanese deflect thanks rather than accept them.)
はじめまして
Nice to meet you (From 始める (hajimeru, to begin) — 'we are beginning [our acquaintance]'.)
よろしくお願いします
Please treat me favorably (said on meeting) (No English equivalent — said after introductions, when asking favors, starting work together.)
さようなら
Goodbye (Feels final. For casual 'bye' use じゃあね or またね ('see you again').)
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